Chapter 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations
1. Match the following
subadar – a revenue farmer
faujdar – a high noble
ijaradar – provincial governor
misl – Maratha peasant warriors
chauth – a Mughal military commander
kunbis – A band of Sikh warriors
umara – tax levied by the Marathas
subadar – a revenue farmer
faujdar – a high noble
ijaradar – provincial governor
misl – Maratha peasant warriors
chauth – a Mughal military commander
kunbis – A band of Sikh warriors
umara – tax levied by the Marathas
Answer:
subadar – provincial governor
faujdar – a Mughal military commander
ijaradar – a revenue farmer
misl – A band of Sikh warriors
chauth – tax levied by the Marathas
kunbis – Maratha peasant warriors
umara – a high noble
faujdar – a Mughal military commander
ijaradar – a revenue farmer
misl – A band of Sikh warriors
chauth – tax levied by the Marathas
kunbis – Maratha peasant warriors
umara – a high noble
2. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the …………………
(b) Umara and jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal
(c) Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in ………………….
(d) The founder of the Awadh state was ………………..
Answer: (a) Deccan
(b) administration
(c) 1724
(d) Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan
(a) Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the …………………
(b) Umara and jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal
(c) Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in ………………….
(d) The founder of the Awadh state was ………………..
Answer: (a) Deccan
(b) administration
(c) 1724
(d) Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan
3. State whether true or false:
(a) Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
(b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
(c) Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
(d) Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.
Answer: (a)—False, (b)—False, (c)—True, (d)—True
(a) Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
(b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
(c) Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
(d) Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.
Answer: (a)—False, (b)—False, (c)—True, (d)—True
4. What were the offices held by Sa’adat Khan?
Answer: Sa’adat Khan held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari In fact, he was responsible for managing the political, financial and military affairs of the province of Awadh.
Answer: Sa’adat Khan held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari In fact, he was responsible for managing the political, financial and military affairs of the province of Awadh.
5. Why did the Nawab of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system?
Answer: The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the jagirdari system in order to reduce the influence of the Mughals in their states.
Answer: The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the jagirdari system in order to reduce the influence of the Mughals in their states.
6. How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?
Answer: During the 17th century the Sikhs got organised into a political community. This led to the regional state-building in Punjab. Guru Gobind Singh fought many battles against the Rajputs as well as Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, the Khalsa revolted against the Mughal authority under the leadership of Banda Bahadur and declared their sovereign rule. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. In the 18th century, the Sikhs organised themselves into a number of bands called jathas and later on misls. Their well-knit organisation enabled them to put up successful resistance to the Mughal governors first and then to Ahmad Shah Abdali. Who had seized the rich province of the Punjab and the Sarkar of Sirhind from the Mughals.
Answer: During the 17th century the Sikhs got organised into a political community. This led to the regional state-building in Punjab. Guru Gobind Singh fought many battles against the Rajputs as well as Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, the Khalsa revolted against the Mughal authority under the leadership of Banda Bahadur and declared their sovereign rule. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. In the 18th century, the Sikhs organised themselves into a number of bands called jathas and later on misls. Their well-knit organisation enabled them to put up successful resistance to the Mughal governors first and then to Ahmad Shah Abdali. Who had seized the rich province of the Punjab and the Sarkar of Sirhind from the Mughals.
7. Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?
Answer: The Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan in order to decrease the Mughal influence. By the 1720s, they seized Malwa and Gujarat from the Mughals and by the 1730s, the Maratha king was recognised as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula.
Answer: The Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan in order to decrease the Mughal influence. By the 1720s, they seized Malwa and Gujarat from the Mughals and by the 1730s, the Maratha king was recognised as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula.
8. What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to Strengthen his position?
Answer: After being the actual ruler of the Deccan, Asaf Jah began to adopt some policies in order to strengthen his position :
Answer: After being the actual ruler of the Deccan, Asaf Jah began to adopt some policies in order to strengthen his position :
- He brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India who welcomed the new opportunities in the south.
- He appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.
- He ruled independently without Mughal interference. The Mughal emperor merely confirmed the decisions already taken by Asaf Jah.
9. Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?
Answer: During the 18th century merchants were more influential than the bankers. They used to provide more loan opportunities at higher interest rates. But now, with the spread of education people prefer banks which provide loans and other financial assistance at cheaper rates. Bankers also provide subsidy on the interest rate. They have different scopes of loans for different purposes. So they are more influential today than the merchants.
Answer: During the 18th century merchants were more influential than the bankers. They used to provide more loan opportunities at higher interest rates. But now, with the spread of education people prefer banks which provide loans and other financial assistance at cheaper rates. Bankers also provide subsidy on the interest rate. They have different scopes of loans for different purposes. So they are more influential today than the merchants.
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