Class 9 Geography Chapter 2

 Chapter 2 Physical features of India

Question 1: 

Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. 

(i) A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as 

 (a) Coast (b) Peninsula 

 (c) Island (d) None of the above 

Answer: (b) Peninsula 

(ii) Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are collectively called as 

 (a) Himachal (b) Purvachal 

 (c) Uttarakhand (d) None of the above 

Answer: (b) Purvachal 

(iii) The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as 

 (a) Coromandel (b) Kannad 

 (c) Konkan (d) Northern Circar 

Answer: (b) Kannad 

(iv) The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is 

 (a) Anai Mudi (b) Mahendragiri 

 (c) Kanchenjungaa (d) Khasi 

Answer: (b) Mahendragiri 

Question 2: 

Answer the following questions briefly: 

(i) What are tectonic plates? 

(ii) Which continents of today were parts of the Gondwana land? 

(iii) What is bhabar? 

(iv) Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south. 

(v) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges? 

(vi) Name the island group of India having coral origin.

Answer 2: 

(i) Due to internal heat of the earth, the currents of the semi-molten rocks begin to move towards the crust and tear it apart dividing it into large fragments called lithospheric or tectonic plates. There are seven such major plates namely, South America, North America, Pacific, Indo–Australian, Eurasian, African and Antarctic. 

(ii) Gondwana land is the name given to the hypothetical ‘super-continent’ located in Southern hemisphere. Gondwana Land included South America, part of Africa (south Africa including Madagascar), part of Asia (India, Arabia, Malaya), Australia and Antarctica, prior to its break-up under the forces causing continental-drift. 

(iii) The ‘Bhabar’ is that narrow belt of the plain which is covered with pebbles and lies along the foothills of the Shiwaliks from the Indus to the Teesta. This belt is laid down by numerous streams descending down the hills. 

(iv) The three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south are: 

a) The northernmost range which is known as the great Himalayas or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. 

b) The range lying to the south of the Himadri which is known as Himachal or the lesser Himalaya. 

c) The outermost range of the Himalayas which is known as the Shiwaliks. These are the foothill ranges and represent the southernmost division of the Himalayas. 

(v) Malwa plateau or Central Highland 

(vi) Lakshdweep. 

Question 3: 

Distinguish between 

(i) Converging and diverging tectonic plates. 

(ii) Bhangar and Khadar 

(iii) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. 

Answer 3: 

(i) The internal heat of the earth makes the molten rocks to rush towards the surface of the earth and drive the crust into large fragments known as “Tectonic Plates”. These plates are drifting over the mantle of the earth. As a result when the two or more plates are pushed towards each other they are called ‘Converging Plates’. On the other hand if they are moving away from each other, they are called ‘Diverging Plates’.

(ii) According to the age of the soils of the Northern Plain they have been differentiated by two names: (a) Bhangar and (b) Khadar. The difference between these two are mentioned below: 

a) Bhangar - These are the older alluvium or old soil and form the largest part of the 

Northern Plains. They lie above the flood plains of the rivers and present a terrace like 

structure. It often contains Kankar nodules made of calcareous deposits. 

b) Khadar - The newer and younger deposits of the flood plains are known as ‘Khadar’. 

So, these are the new alluvium or new soil and are very fertile. Thus, Khadar is ideal 

for intensive agriculture.

(iii)

Question 4: 

Describe how the Himalayas were formed. 

Answer 4: 

The Indian Peninsula drifted towards the north and finally collided with the much larger Eurasian Plate. As a result of this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosynclines (known as Tethys) got folded and formed the mountain systems of the West Asia and Himalaya. 

Question 5: 

Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau. 

Answer 5: 

The major physiographic divisions of India are the following: 

a) The Himalayan Mountain Wall of the north. 

b) The Northern Plains. 

c) The Peninsular Plateau. 

d) The Indian Dessert. 

e) The Coastal Plains. 

f) The Islands. 

The following table compares and contrasts between the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau.

Question 6: 

Give an account of the Northern Plains of India. 

Answer 6: 

The Great Northern Plain extends from the Punjab Plain in the west to the Brahmaputra valley in the east. The Northern Plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems namely - the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the foothills to the south of the Himalayas over millions of years formed this fertile plain. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh square km. The plain is about 2400 km long and 240 - 320 km broad. The rich soil cover combined with the abundant water supply and favourable climate made this agriculturally a very productive part of India. Because of this factor the density of population is also the highest in this region among all the physiographic divisions of India. The Northern Plain is broadly divided into three sections: 

a) The Punjab Plain - It is the western part of the Northern Plain formed by the Indus and 

its tributaries. This section is dominated by the Doabs. 

b) The Ganga Plain - It is the largest part of the Northern Plain and extends between 

Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. 

c) The Brahmaputra Plain - It forms the eastern part of the Northern Plain by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries. It is narrower than the Ganga Plain and is a flood prone area. 

In the south-east side of the Northern Plain lays the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta which is the largest delta of the world.

Question 7: 

Write short notes on the following. 

(i) The Indian Desert 

(ii) The Central Highlands 

(iii) The Island groups of India 

Answer: 

(i) Lying towards the west of the Aravali Hills, the Indian Desert is an undulating 

sandy plain covered with crescent-shaped and longitudinal sand dunes. This region 

is characterised by very little rainfall, an arid climate and low vegetation cover. Streams appear only during the rainy season. Luni is the only large river in this 

region.  

(ii) The part of the Peninsular Plateau lying to the north of the Narmada River, 

covering a major area of the Malwa Plateau, is known as the Central Highlands. They 

are bound by the Vindhya Range from the south and by the Aravali Hills from the 

northwest. The further westward extension merges with the Indian Desert while the 

eastward extension is marked by the Chhotanagpur Plateau. The rivers draining this region flow from southwest to northeast. The Central Highlands are wider in the west 

but narrower in the east. 

(iii) India has two groups of islands. The Lakshadweep Islands lie in the Arabian Sea, 

to the southwest of the mainland. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie in the Bay of Bengal, to the southeast of the mainland.  

Lakshadweep is composed of small coral islands, covering a small area of 32 square 

kilometres. Kavaratti Island is its administrative headquarters. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are bigger in size and are more numerous and scattered. The entire group of islands is divided into Andaman (in the north) and Nicobar (in the south). 

Both of these island groups are rich in flora and fauna, and are of great strategic 

importance to the country.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Water

1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What is precipitation?
Answer
Precipitation means any thing falling from the sky which include rain, snow, hail etc. on the
surface of the earth when they become too heavy and unable to float in the air.

(ii) What is water cycle?
Answer
The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

(iii) What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?
Answer
Factors affecting the height of the waves:
(i) Speed off wind
(ii) Duration of wind
(iii) Distance the wind blows over water

(iv) Which factors affect the movement of ocean water?
Answer
Factors affecting the movement of ocean water:
(i) Temperature
(ii) Earthquake or volcanic eruption
(iii) Gravitational pull of the sun and the moon
(iv) Underwater landslides

(v) What are tides and how are they caused?
Answer
The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called a tide. The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the surface of the earth causes
the tides.

(vi) What are ocean currents?
Answer
Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite
directions.

2. Give reasons.
(i) Ocean water is salty.
(ii) The quality of water is deteriorating.
Answer
(i) Ocean water is salty because it contains large amount of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt that we eat.
(ii) The quality of water is deterioting because we get it from polluted water sources. These
water bodies are getting polluted due to dumping of untreated wastes, sewage, pesticides, toxic or decayed materials into it.

3. Tick the correct answer.
(i) The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land
 (a) Water cycle (b) Tides (c) Ocean currents
✓ (a) Water cycle
(ii) Generally the warm ocean currents originate near
 (a) Poles (b) Equator (c) None of these
✓ (b) Equator
(iii) The rythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called
 (a) Tide (b) Ocean current (c) Wave
✓ (a) Tide

4. Match the following.

(i) Caspian Sea (a) Largest lake
(ii) Tide           (b) Periodic rise and fall of water
(iii) Tsunami  (c) Strong seismic waves
(iv) Ocean currents(d) Streams of water                                               moving along definite paths

Class 7 Civics Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Women Change the World

1. How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s right to equality?
Answer
Stereotypes about what women can or cannot do affect women’s right to equality:
(i) They do not get the same support that boys get.
(ii) They are considered inferior to men.
(iii) They are not sent to educational institutions.
(iv) They are promoted to see marriage as their future instead of higher studies.
(v) They are not paid equally to men for the same work.
(vi) They are assigned household works as their priority job.

2. List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya.
Answer
Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya are able to achieve their goal only by education. they were able to put an impact on the society by writing their ideas or stories or setting up schools through which can never be achieved without learning. Thus, learning the alphabet was so important because it will not only help them in their day to day social life but also help them in pursuing their education and dream.

3. “Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education.” Re-read the last paragraph on page 62 and explain why this statement is not true.
Answer
The statement “Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education.” is not true because:
(i) In many parts of the country, especially in rural and poor areas, there may not even be proper schools nor teachers who teach on a regular basis.
(ii) Parents are not willing to send their girl child to distant schools due to lack of transportation.
(iii) Unable to bear the cost of education.
(iv) Boys get preference over girls for seeking education.
(v) Sometimes, their teacher and classmates discriminate against them.

4. Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise issues? If you had to organise a struggle against stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, what method would you employ from the ones that you have read about? Why would you choose this particular method?
Answer
Two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise issues:
Campaigning: It is an important part of the women’s movement which is used to fight discrimination and violence against women. Women work in a organized and collective manner to achieve their certain and specific goal.
Protesting: Women use public rallies and demonstrations as a very powerful weapon for drawing attention to injustices by the method of protesting. The women’s movement raises its voice when violations against women take place.
I would choose campaigning as a method to struggle against stereotypes. In this method, we use to get clear idea about the thought of people about what they want to seek justice for the discrimination against women. We got to familiar with their opinion about stereotypes and their method of eradication right from the society level. It is also a peaceful and organised method.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 3

Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Mineral & Power Resources

1. Answer the following questions.
(i) Name any three common minerals used by you everyday.
Answer
Salt, Gold and Copper are three common minerals used everyday.

(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?
Answer
Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores. For any material to be called ore of any mineral, it must contain minimum adequate quantity of that mineral so that it can be extracted profitably.

(iii) Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.
Answer
Russia and Norway are the two regions rich in natural gas resources.

(iv) Which sources of energy would you suggest for
(a) Rural areas
(b) Coastal areas
(c) Arid regions
Answer
(a) Biogas energy for rural areas
(b) Hydel and tidal energy for coastal areas
(c) Wind and solar energy for arid regions.

(v) Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.
Answer
Five ways in which energy can be saved at home:
→ Switching off lights, fans and other electrical appliances when not in use
→ By seeing to it that electrical devices are operating efficiently; for example, defrosting refrigerator regularly and not keeping the refrigerator door open for longer than necessary
→ Using energy-efficient devices such as fluorescent bulbs and tubes
→ Using energy efficiently while cooking; for example, keeping the lids of pans on while cooking
→ Unplugging electrical devices when not in use prevents leakage of electricity; thus saving energy.

2. Tick the correct answer.
(i) Which one of the following is nota characteristic of minerals?
(a) They are created by natural processes.
(b) They have a definite chemical composition.
(c) They are inexhaustible.
(d) Their distribution is uneven.
► (c) They are inexhaustible.
(ii) Which one of the following is nota producer of mica?
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Karnataka
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Andhra Pradesh
► (b) Karnataka
(iii) Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the world?
(a) Bolivia
(b) Ghana
(c) Chile
(d) Zimbabwe
► (c) Chile
(iv) Which one of the following practises will not conserve LPG in your kitchen?
(a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.
(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.
(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.
(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame. 
► (d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.

3. Give reasons.
(i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.
Answer
Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams because of the following reasons -
→ Dams create imbalance in the earth’s equilibrium.
→. Deforestation leads to environmental pollution.
→ People become displaced.
→ Cities / villages / towns may require shifting causing lot of hardships for the people.
→ Flood threats loom large.
→ Earthquake threats
→ Silting of lakes is a problem.

(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.
Answer
Coal is used as a source of energy and power and also as a raw material in most of the industries. Hence most industries are concentrated around coal mines of the purpose saving cost of transportation of coal (cost effectiveness).

(iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.
Answer
Petroleum is referred to as “black gold” because it is black in colour in the crude form and its derivatives are extremely valuable as petroleum itself. Today it is almost inevitable in our day-to-day life. A variety of products like – kerosene, diesel, petrol, wax, plastics, lubricants etc. are produced from these mineral resources.

(iv) Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.
Answer
Quarrying can become a major environmental concern because of the following reasons:
→ It may destroy the humus of soil which is much required for the growth of plants and crops.
→It produces a lot of noise pollution due to use of explosives at times in order to break the huge chunks of rocks.
→ In the process of quarrying lot of dust is generated which causes air pollution and also occupational hazards.
→ Blasting done in the process of quarrying generate vibration which damage in the nearby buildings, dams or any other similar structure.

4. Distinguish between the following.
(i) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

Conventional sources of energy	Non-conventional sources of energy
Have been in common use for a long time	Are not commonly used
Are generally exhaustible	Are generally inexhaustible
Are mostly polluting	Are mostly non-polluting
Example: Firewood, coal	Example: Solar energy, nuclear energy.

(ii) Biogas and natural gas

Biogas	Natural gas
Formed using organic wastes such as dead plant and animal matter, animal dung and kitchen waste	Found along with petroleum deposits and gets released when crude oil is brought to the surface
Is a non-conventional source of energy	Is a conventional source of energy
Is easily available, especially in rural areas	Is not easily available; very few countries have sufficient natural gas reserves of their own
Is polluting; causes greenhouse effect as it releases carbon dioxide	Is a cleaner fuel
Used as a domestic fuel for cooking and lighting	Used as a domestic fuel as well as an industrial fuel

(iii) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

Ferrous mineral	Non-ferrous mineral
A metallic mineral that contains iron	A metallic mineral that does not contain iron
Example: Iron ore, manganese	Example: Gold, silver

(iv) Metallic and non-metallic minerals

Metallic mineral	Non-metallic mineral
A mineral containing metal in raw form	A mineral not containing metal
Example: Bauxite, iron ore	Example: Limestone, gypsum

Class 7 Geography Chapter 4

Chapter 4 Geography Air

Q1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What is atmosphere?
Answer: Our earth is surrounded by a huge blanket of air called atmosphere. It provides us the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of the sun's rays.

Q.(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
Answer: Nitrogen and oxygen make the bulk of the atmosphere.

Q.(iii) Which gas creates green house effect in the atmosphere?
Answer: Carbon dioxide creates the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.

Q.(iv) What is weather?
Answer: Weather is short-term state of the atmosphere whether it is hot or cold, wet or dry. It is the hour to hour, day to day condition of the atmosphere.

Q.(v) Name three types of rainfall?
Answer: Three types of rainfall are:
(i) Convectional rainfall
(ii) Orographic rainfall
(iii) Cyclonic rainfall

Q.(vi) What is air pressure?
Answer: The pressure exerted by the weight of air on the surface of the earth is called air pressure.

Q.2. Tick the correct answer.
(i) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Nitrogen (c) Ozone
(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is
(a) Troposphere (b) Thermosphere (c) Mesosphere
(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere (c) Mesosphere
(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains the same
(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called
(a) Cloud (b) Rain (c) Snow

Answers:
(i) c , (ii) a , (iii) b , (iv) b , (v) b

Q.3. Match the following.
(i) Trade Winds.  (a) Incoming solar energy
(ii) Loo.                 (b) Seasonal wind
(iii) Monsoon.     (c) Horizontal movement of                                   Air
(iv) Wind.            (d) Layer of ozone gas
                               (e) Permanent wind-
                               (f) Local wind

Answers

(i) Trade Winds.  (e) Permanent wind
(ii) Loo.                 (f) Local wind
(iii) Monsoon.      (b) Seasonal wind
(iv) Wind.             (c) Horizontal movement of                                          Air

Q.4. Give reasons.
(i) Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.
(ii) Amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.

(i) In humid day, the humidity is very high that is the level water vapour in atmosphere is high. Due to this, air is not able carry away more water vapour with it and thus the clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.

(ii) Insolation is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the earth. Sunlight falls almost vertically on the equator whereas it falls at some angle on the poles. Due to this, amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.

Class 7 Civics Chapter 4

Chapter 4 Civics Growing Up as Boys and Girls

 Q1. Are the statements given alongside true or false. Support your answer with the use of an example –
a. All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play.
b. Our society does not make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up.
c. Women who stay at home do not work.
d. The work that women do is less valued than that of men.
(a) True.
In most societies, the roles men and women play or the work they do are not valued equally. They do not have the same status. It is supposed that household works must be done by women while men do the office work.
(b) False.
The distinctions between boys and girls begins from a very young age. For example, both of them given different toys to play with. Boys are usually given cars to play with and girls dolls. Additionally, they were told how girls must dress, what games boys should play, how girls need to talk softly or boys need to be tough.
(c) False.
The responsibility of housework i.e. looking after children, cooking, washing clothes, cleaning, looking after etc. bear a lot of pressure and hardwork. Even after that, this is not recognized as work and presumed as natural work of women. While women work right from morning to the night in household duties.
(d) True.
As men get paid for what they are doing in the offices and earns the livelihood while a woman who is working from morning to night in household duties are not paid for. The household work is considered as natural duty of a woman and thus is less valued than that of men.

Q2. Housework is invisible and unpaid work.
Housework is physically demanding.
Housework is time consuming.
Write in your own words what is meant by the terms ‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’, and ‘time consuming’? Give one example of each based on the household tasks undertaken by women in your home.

Invisible: The things which can't be seen.
The household work is invisible which can be seen only when it is not done.
Physically demanding: Demands hardwork and efforts.
Cleaning of floors and washing of clothes are physically demanding works.
Time consuming: Work which takes a lot of to be completed.
Cooking is time consuming work.

Q3. Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and another for girls. If there is a difference between the two lists, can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does this have any relationship to the roles children have to play as adults?

Toys and games that boys typically play: Cars, Toy guns, Cricket, Football, Hockey, Kabaddi etc.
Toys and games that girls typically play: Kitchen set, Doll, Teddy, Badminton, Skipping etc.
Reasons for the difference in the list of games:
(i) Mentality of the society.
(ii) Physical appearence of the body.
(iii) The thought that girls need to talk softly and boys need to be tough.
Yes, it does have relationship to the roles children have to play as adult as men are supposed to work outside in office and earn money while women are supposed to do household works.

Q4. If you have someone working as a domestic help in your house or locality talk to her and find out a little bit more about her life – Who are her family members? Where is her home? How many hours does she work? How much does she get paid? Write a small story based on these details.

This question should be done by themselves.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Geography Our Changing Earth

Q.1: Answer the following questions.

(i) Why do the plates move?
(ii) What are exogenic and endogenic forces?
(iii) What is erosion?
(iv) How are flood plains formed?
(v) What are sand dunes?
(vi) How are beaches formed?
(vii) What are ox-bow lakes?

Answers

(i) The Lithospheric plates move around because of the movement of the molten magma inside the Earth.(ii) Earth’s movements are divided on the basis of the forces which cause them. The ones that work on the Earth’s surface are called exogenic forces while the ones that work in the Earth’s interior are called endogenic forces. The erosional and depositional activities of wind and water are examples of exogenic forces. Earthquakes and volcanoes are examples of endogenic forces.

(iii) Erosion is the weathering or wearing away of the landscape by different agents like wind, water and ice.
(iv) During its course through a plain, a river sometimes overflows its banks. This leads to the flooding of the neighbouring areas. As it floods, the river water deposits layers of fine soil and sediments on its banks. This leads to the formation of a flat, fertile flood plain.
(v) In deserts, when wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When it stops blowing, the sand particles fall and get deposited in low hill-like structures called sand dunes.
(vi) The erosional and depositional activities of the sea waves give rise to different coastal landforms. A beach is one such coastal landform. It is formed when the sea waves deposit sediments along the sea shore.
(vii) An ox-bow lake is a crescent-shaped lake formed by a meandering river. During its journey through a plain, a river twists and turns to form meanders. Erosion and deposition occur constantly along the sides of a meander, thereby causing the ends of its loop to come closer and closer. In due course of time, the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-off, crescent-shaped ox-bow lake. 

Q2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which is not an erosional feature of sea waves?
(a) Cliff (b) Beach (c) Sea cave
(ii) The depositional feature of a glacier is:
(a) Flood plain (b) Beach (c) Moraine
(iii) Which is caused by the sudden movements of the earth?
(a) Volcano (b) Folding (c) Flood plain
(iv) Mushroom rocks are found in:
(a) Deserts (b) River valleys (c) Glaciers
(v) Ox bow lakes are found in:
(a) Glaciers (b) River valleys (c) Deserts

Answers :-

(i) b  (ii) c (iii) a (iv) a (v) b
Q.3: Match the following.

Answers :-

Q.4: Give reasons.
(i) Some rocks have a shape of a mushroom.
(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.
(iii) Sea caves are turned into stacks.
(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquakes.

Ans : (i) In deserts, one can see rocks in the shape of a mushroom—with a narrower base and a wider top. These are known as mushroom rocks. Such rocks are formed when the winds erode the lower section of a rock more than the upper part.
(ii) Flood plains are formed as a result of the depositional activity of rivers. Rivers carry along with them eroded material like fine soil and sediments. When it overflows its banks, it deposits the eroded material and causes flood plains to be formed. The deposited material makes the land fertile.
(iii) Stacks are formed as a result of the erosional activity of the sea waves. When sea waves continuously strike rocks, cracks develop in them. As these cracks become larger and wider, hollow caves get formed on the rocks. These are called sea caves. As the waves keep striking the rocks, the cavities become bigger and bigger, with only the roof remaining at the end. Such structures are known as sea arches. Further erosion breaks the roof, and only walls remain. These wall-like features are known as stacks. Thus, sea caves are ultimately converted into stacks.
(iv) Earthquakes are the sudden vibrations caused within the Earth’s surface as a result of the movement of the Lithospheric plates. Such vibrations, when they are of a high intensity, cause damage to the things on the Earth’s surface. Various human-made (e.g., buildings) and natural (e.g., trees) constructions can break down and collapse under the effect of the vibrations because they are situated on the Earth’s surface. 

Q.5: Observe the photographs given below. These are various features made by a river. Identify them and also tell whether they are erosional or depositional or landforms formed by both.